An old school, mechanical one is a iron plate on a pivot (attached to the needle) and a spring and dragged by a rotating magnet connected to the wheels
The modern method is to count the number of pulses from a toothed wheel over a period of time. You can calculate speed from that (knowing wheel diameter etc) . This is the modern method as there is a toothed wheel to measure the speed of each of the 4 wheels and this is used for the ABS brakes.
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